Anxiety
Anxiety ​refers to anticipation of a future concern. Mild levels of anxiety can be beneficial in some situations. It can alert us to dangers and help us prepare and pay attention.
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Common anxiety signs and symptoms include:
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Feeling nervous, restless or tense
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Having a sense of impending danger, panic or doom
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Having an increased heart rate
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Breathing rapidly (hyperventilation)
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Sweating
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Trembling
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Feeling weak or tired
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Trouble concentrating
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Trouble thinking about anything other than the present worry
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Having trouble sleeping
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Experiencing gastrointestinal (GI) problems
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Having difficulty controlling worry
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Having the urge to avoid things that trigger anxiety
Anxiety disorders differ from normal feelings of nervousness or anxiousness and involve excessive fear or anxiety.
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Anxiety disorders are the most common of mental disorders.
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They affect nearly 30% of adults at some point in their lives.
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Anxiety disorders are treatable with a number of psychotherapeutic treatments.
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Anxiety disorders can cause people to try to avoid situations that trigger or worsen their symptoms. Job performance, schoolwork and personal relationships can be affected. ​ In general, for a person to be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, the fear or anxiety must:
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Be out of proportion to the situation or be age-inappropriate
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Hinder their ability to function normally
There are several types of anxiety disorders: generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, specific phobias, agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder and selective mutism.
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From Psychiatry.org and Mayo Clinic
For more information on the different types of anxiety disorders, follow the above links
Anxiety and Autism
Anxiety is a common experience for autistic individuals. The prevalence of anxiety in autism varies, and estimates are likely much lower than what is experienced in the population.
Two systematic reviews [1,2] recently estimated the current pooled prevalence of anxiety (all subcategories pooled) at 20%, with the most common anxiety disorders being:
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Specific Phobias, lifetime prevalence of 31% [1,2]
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder, life-time prevalence of 26% [1,2]
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Panic and agoraphobia, lifetime prevalence of 15% and 18% respectively [2]
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Separation anxiety, lifetime prevalence of 3% [3]​​
In 2022, Jadva and Bal analyzed data from the SPARK dataset (a collection of data from several thousand autistic adults) and reported on the over 4600 who completed the co-occurring conditions questionnaire. It was noted that estimates of anxiety was much higher that those provided by Lai [1] and Hollocks [2] above. Jadva et al [6] reported that of the 4600 adults who responded, approximately 56% had a diagnosis of anxiety (not including social anxiety), and 37% had diagnoses of social anxiety [6]​
Autism and anxiety symptoms frequently overlap, although individuals with autism might present with autism-specific anxiety symptoms, including specific phobias (e.g., vacuum cleaners, toilets) and worry about change/novelty [4,5]
​References
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Lai M-C, Kassee C, Besney R, et al. (2019). Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6, 819-829. https://doi. org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30289-5
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Hollocks MJ, Lerh JW, Magiati I, et al. (2019). Psychological medicine anxiety and depression in adults with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 49, 559-572. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718002283
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Joshi G, Wozniak J, Petty C, et al. (2013). Psychiatric comorbidity and functioning in a clinically referred population of adults with autism spectrum disorders: a comparative study. J journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 1314- 1325. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10803-012- 1679-5/METRICS
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Kerns CM, Kendall PC, Berry L, et al. (2014). Traditional and atypical presentations of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 2851-2861. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10803-014-2141- 7
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Mayes SD, Calhoun SL, Aggarwal R, et al. (2013). Unusual fears in children with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7, 151-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/J. RASD.2012.08.002
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Jadva, N., & Bal, V. H. (2022). Associations between co-occurring conditions and age of autism diagnosis: Implications for mental health training and adult autism research. Autism Research, 15, 2112-2125. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2808
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